terminal, console, shell, command-line

Terminal :
A terminal is a text input and output environment. A terminal window, also known as a terminal emulator, is a text-only window that emulates a console in a graphical user interface (GUI). A terminal is a program that allows you to run a shell.

Console :
A console is a physical terminal; an instrument panel containing computer controls. 
For example, Famicom, Xbox, PlayStation, Nintendo Switch, Wii, and Wii U, etc. are all examples of consoles.

Shell :
Shell stands for the command-line interpreter. A shell is a program that processes commands and outputs the results. A shell is a layer that sits on top of the kernel. It interprets and processes the commands entered by the user. Unlike users, the shell has access to the kernel. Users can only gain access to the kernel by using a shell and entering commands (i.e. running programs). 

Command-Line : 
A command line is an area to the right of the command prompt on an all-text display mode computer monitor where a user enters commands and data. This is the line where you type commands. A command-ine interface is any type of interface that is used to enter textual commands. One of them is the terminal, but some programs have their own command-line interfaces.

PC가 출현하기 이전에, 메인프레임에 물린 단말기들을 구성 요소로서 terminal, 물리적 장치로서 console이라 불렀지 않았을까 싶다. 오늘날 PC 환경에서 콘솔이란 말은 더 이상 쓸 필요가 없을 듯하다. 

터미널은 명령행 인터페이스로 이루어진 텍스트를 입출력하는 환경이고, 그 환경에서 cmd 또는 powershell을 이용할 수 있다.

그런데 2019 마이크로소프트 스타일 가이드에는 terminal에 대한 언급이 없고 shell에 대해서는

OK to use as a noun in content for a technical audience. Don't use in content for a general audience.